Antenas de nanotubos de carbono hacen que las células fotovoltaicas más eficientes

<span style="TEXT-ALIGN: ; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: medium 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="Apple-style-span">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" class="artDateSrc" align="justify"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 10px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 10px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" color="#003300" size="4" face="Tahoma">Lunes, 13 de septiembre 2010 | Instituto de Tecnolog&iacute;a de Massachusetts</font></font></div>
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<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font size="4"><font face="Tahoma"><font color="#003300"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Uso de nanotubos de carbono (tubos huecos de &aacute;tomos de carbono), los ingenieros del MIT, qu&iacute;micos&nbsp; han encontrado una manera de concentrar la energ&iacute;a solar, 100 veces m&aacute;s que una c&eacute;lula fotovoltaica regular.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Los nanotubos, podr&iacute;an formar antenas que captan la luz y enfocar la energ&iacute;a, permitiendo potencialmente mucho m&aacute;s peque&ntilde;os y m&aacute;s potentes paneles solares.</font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><a href="http://universitam.com/academicos/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ANTENASSOLARES.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-6357" title="ANTENASSOLARES" alt="" width="300" height="300" src="http://universitam.com/academicos/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ANTENASSOLARES-300x300.jpg" /></a></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,236,249); MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" color="#003300" size="4" face="Tahoma">&quot;En lugar de tener su techo toda una c&eacute;lula fotovoltaica, puede tener peque&ntilde;os puntos que eran peque&ntilde;as c&eacute;lulas fotovoltaicas, con las antenas que conducir&iacute;a fotones en ellos&quot;, dice Michael Strano, Carlos e Hilda Roddey Profesor titular de Ingenier&iacute;a Qu&iacute;mica y l&iacute;der de el equipo de investigaci&oacute;n.</font></font></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font size="4"><font face="Tahoma"><font color="#003300"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Strano y sus estudiantes, describen sus nanotubos de carbono,&nbsp;como la antena nueva, o &quot;embudo solar&quot;, en la edici&oacute;n en l&iacute;nea 12 de septiembre, de la revista<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></font></font><em><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Nature Materials</font></font></em><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Los autores principales, del art&iacute;culo son postdoctoral asociado-Hee Han Jae, y el estudiante graduado Geraldine Paulus.</font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" color="#003300" size="4" face="Tahoma">Sus nuevas antenas, tambi&eacute;n puede ser &uacute;tiles para cualquier otra aplicaci&oacute;n, que requiera la luz a concentrarse, como gafas de visi&oacute;n nocturna o telescopios.</font></font></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><img width="400" alt="" src="http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/assets/images/2007/Apr/12-Thu/amplitude.jpg" /></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font size="4"><font face="Tahoma"><font color="#003300"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Los paneles solares generan electricidad, mediante la conversi&oacute;n de fotones (paquetes de energ&iacute;a de la luz), en una corriente el&eacute;ctrica.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Strano, la&nbsp;antena de nanotubos aumenta el n&uacute;mero de fotones que se pueden capturar, y transforma la luz en energ&iacute;a, que puede ser canalizada en una c&eacute;lula solar.</font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font size="4"><font face="Tahoma"><font color="#003300"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">La antena est&aacute; formada por una cuerda fibrosa alrededor de 10 micr&oacute;metros, (millon&eacute;simas de metro) de largo y cuatro micr&oacute;metros de espesor, que contiene unos 30 millones de nanotubos de carbono.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Strano, el equipo incorporado, por primera vez, una fibra compuesta por dos capas de los nanotubos con diferentes propiedades el&eacute;ctricas, en concreto, bandgaps diferentes.</font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font size="4"><font face="Tahoma"><font color="#003300"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">En cualquier material, los electrones pueden existir en diferentes niveles de energ&iacute;a.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Cuando un fot&oacute;n incide en la superficie, se excita un electr&oacute;n a un nivel de energ&iacute;a superior, que es espec&iacute;fico para el material.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">La interacci&oacute;n entre el electr&oacute;n excitado, y el agujero que deja tras de s&iacute; ,se llama un excit&oacute;n, y la diferencia en los niveles de energ&iacute;a entre el agujero, y el electr&oacute;n se conoce, como la banda prohibida.</font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
</span></span><span style="TEXT-ALIGN: ; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: medium 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; FONT-SIZE: 12px" class="Apple-style-span">
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font size="4"><font face="Tahoma"><font color="#003300"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">La capa interna de la antena, contiene nanotubos con una peque&ntilde;a banda prohibida, y los nanotubos en la capa externa, tiene un gap mayor.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Eso es importante, porque excitones como al flujo de alta, a baja energ&iacute;a.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">En este caso, eso significa que losl excitones, en el flujo de la capa externa de la capa interna, donde pueden existir en un estado de energ&iacute;a menor (pero todav&iacute;a excitado).</font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><img width="200" alt="" src="http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/assets/images/2007/Apr/12-Thu/Engel4.jpg" /></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font size="4"><font face="Tahoma"><font color="#003300"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Por lo tanto, cuando la energ&iacute;a la luz incide en la materia, todos los excitones, fluyen hacia el centro de la fibra, donde se concentran.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Strano, y su equipo a&uacute;n no han construido un dispositivo fotovoltaico con la antena, &iquest;pero que piensan?</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Con este dispositivo, la antena se concentrar&iacute;a fotones antes de la c&eacute;lula fotovoltaica, los convierte en una corriente el&eacute;ctrica.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Esto podr&iacute;a hacerse mediante la construcci&oacute;n de la antena alrededor, de un n&uacute;cleo de material semiconductor.</font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font size="4"><font face="Tahoma"><font color="#003300"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">La interfaz entre el semiconductor, y los nanotubos de los separar&iacute;a el electr&oacute;n del agujero, con los electrones se recogen, en un electrodo tocando el interior de los semiconductores, y los agujeros recogido en un electrodo tocando los nanotubos.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Este sistema se generar&iacute;a corriente el&eacute;ctrica.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(230,236,249); MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">La eficiencia de este una c&eacute;lula solar depender&aacute;, de los materiales utilizados para el electrodo, seg&uacute;n los investigadores.</font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" color="#003300" size="4" face="Tahoma">Strano, y su&nbsp;equipo, es el primero en construir fibras de nanotubos, en las que pueden controlar las propiedades de capas diferentes, un logro posible, gracias a los recientes avances en la separaci&oacute;n de los nanotubos, con diferentes propiedades.</font></font></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font size="4"><font face="Tahoma"><font color="#003300"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Si bien el costo de los nanotubos de carbono, que una vez fue prohibitivo, se ha estado bajando en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os, las empresas qu&iacute;micas al aumentar su capacidad de fabricaci&oacute;n.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">&quot;En alg&uacute;n momento en un futuro pr&oacute;ximo, los nanotubos de carbono,&nbsp;ser&aacute; probable que se vendan, por unos centavos por libra, como se venden los pol&iacute;meros, dice Strano.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">&quot;Con este costo, la adici&oacute;n de una c&eacute;lula solar podr&iacute;a ser insignificante, en comparaci&oacute;n con la fabricaci&oacute;n, y el costo de las materias primas, de la c&eacute;lula misma, as&iacute; como revestimientos y componentes de pol&iacute;meros, son parte peque&ntilde;a del coste de una c&eacute;lula fotovoltaica.&quot;</font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-FAMILY: arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="artContent" align="justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: small"><font size="4"><font face="Tahoma"><font color="#003300"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">El equipo de Strano, ahora est&aacute; trabajando en maneras de minimizar la p&eacute;rdida de energ&iacute;a, como el flujo de excitones a trav&eacute;s de la fibra, as&iacute; como sobre la manera de generar m&aacute;s de un excit&oacute;n ,por fot&oacute;n.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Los manojos de nanotubos, se describe en el<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></font></font><em><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Nature Materials</font></font></em><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><font style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; MARGIN: 0px; OUTLINE-STYLE: ; OUTLINE-COLOR: ; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OUTLINE-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;,</span>de papel pierden alrededor del 13%, de la energ&iacute;a que absorben, pero el equipo est&aacute; trabajando en nuevas antenas que perder&iacute;a s&oacute;lo el 1%.</font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
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<p><font color="#003300">Fotogafias tomadas de la p&aacute;gina.</font></p>
<p><font color="#003300">&nbsp;<font size="2"><font face="Arial">http://www.cienciakanija.com/2007/04/16/revelados-los-secretos-cuanticos-de-la-fotosintesis/</font><font face="Arial">http://www.cienciakanija.com/2007/04/16/revelados-los-secretos-cuanticos-de-la-fotosintesis/</font></font></font><font face="Tahoma"></font></p>
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